murine gal 9  (R&D Systems)

Journal: Brain, behavior, and immunity

Article Title: Desipramine decreases expression of human and murine indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenases

doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.02.010

Figure Lengend Snippet: After i.p. treatment of mice with either LPS or Dex (in vivo, A–D) or cells/brain tissue with IFNγ (ex vivo, E–H) with and without Desip, expression of Ido1-FL was quantified in A) Hippocampi, B) Astrocytes (ACSA-2+ enriched cells), C) Microglia (CD11b+ enriched cells), D) PBMCs, E) PBMC−T, F) T cells (CD90+ enriched cells), G) OHSCs ± Dex and H) OHSC ± Gal-9. * p ≤ 0.05 for Ido1-FL induction by LPS or IFNγ; δ p ≤ 0.05 for the inhibitory effect of Desip within LPS or IFNγ; ψ p ≤ 0.05 for the ability of Dex or Gal-9 to synergistically enhance IFNγ-stimulated gene expression.

Article Snippet: Murine Gal-9 (1μg/ml, 3535) was from R&D Systems (Minneapolis, MN).

Techniques: In Vivo, Ex Vivo, Expressing

Journal: Brain, behavior, and immunity

Article Title: Desipramine decreases expression of human and murine indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenases

doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.02.010

Figure Lengend Snippet: After treatment of mice i.p. with either LPS or Dex (in vivo, A–D) or cells/tissue with IFNγ (ex vivo, E–H) with and without Desip, expression of Ido1-v1 was quantified in A) Hippocampi, B) Astrocytes (ACSA-2+ enriched cells), C) Microglia (CD11b+ enriched cells), D) PBMCs, E) PBMC−T, F) T cells (CD90+ enriched cells), G) OHSCs ± Dex and H) OHSC ± Gal-9. * p ≤ 0.05 for Ido1-v1 induction by LPS, Dex or IFNγ; δ p ≤ 0.05 for the inhibitory effect of Desip within LPS or IFNγ; ψ p ≤ 0.05 for the ability of Dex or Gal-9 to synergistically enhance IFNγ-stimulated gene expression; ϕ p ≤ 0.05 main effect of Desip.

Article Snippet: Murine Gal-9 (1μg/ml, 3535) was from R&D Systems (Minneapolis, MN).

Techniques: In Vivo, Ex Vivo, Expressing

Journal: Brain, behavior, and immunity

Article Title: Desipramine decreases expression of human and murine indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenases

doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.02.010

Figure Lengend Snippet: After treatment of mice i.p. with either LPS or Dex (in vivo, A–D) or cells/tissue with IFNγ (ex vivo, E–H) with and without Desip, expression of Ido2-v1 was quantified in A) Hippocampi, B) Astrocytes (ACSA-2+ cells), C) Microglia (CD11b+ enriched cells), D) PBMCs, E) PBMC−T, F) T enriched cells (CD90+ enriched cells), G) OHSCs ± Dex and H) OHSC ± Gal-9. * p ≤ 0.05 for Ido2-v1 induction by LPS or IFNγ; δ p ≤ 0.05 for the effect of Desip within LPS or IFNγ; ψ p ≤ 0.05 for the ability of Dex or Gal-9 to synergistically enhance IFNγ-stimulated gene expression.

Article Snippet: Murine Gal-9 (1μg/ml, 3535) was from R&D Systems (Minneapolis, MN).

Techniques: In Vivo, Ex Vivo, Expressing

Journal: Brain, behavior, and immunity

Article Title: Desipramine decreases expression of human and murine indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenases

doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.02.010

Figure Lengend Snippet: After treatment of mice i.p. with either LPS or Dex (in vivo, A–D) or cells/tissue with IFNγ (ex vivo, E–H) with and without Desip, expression of Ido2-v3 was quantified in A) Hippocampi, B) Astrocytes (ACSA-2+ enriched cells), C) Microglia (CD11b+ enriched cells), D) PBMCs, E) PBMC−T, F) T cells (CD90+ enriched cells), G) OHSCs ± Dex and H) OHSC ± Gal-9. * p ≤ 0.05 for Ido2-v3 induction by LPS, Dex or IFNγ; δ p ≤ 0.05 for the inhibitory effect of Desip within LPS or IFNγ; ϕ p ≤ 0.05 main effect of Desip.

Article Snippet: Murine Gal-9 (1μg/ml, 3535) was from R&D Systems (Minneapolis, MN).

Techniques: In Vivo, Ex Vivo, Expressing

Journal: Brain, behavior, and immunity

Article Title: Desipramine decreases expression of human and murine indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenases

doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.02.010

Figure Lengend Snippet: Multiple studies have linked inflammation and stress with major depression in humans and depressive-like behaviors in rodent models. Inflammation or stress increase peripheral pro-inflammatory cytokine release (ex. IFNγ) into the circulation, which increases Ido expression by PBMCs and most tissues. Either peripheral IFNγ or infiltrating immune cells capable of producing IFNγ enter the brain to increase Ido expression by both microglia and astrocytes. We’ve extended this area of research by confirming that Desip can act in vivo by 1) blocking peripheral IFNγ expression as a mechanism to decrease Ido expression by PBMCs, microglia and astrocytes. 2) Ex vivo, IFNγ increases Ido expression by PBMCs (both human and mouse) and synergizes with multiple factors (i.e. Dex or Gal-9) to increase the DOs within the brain. As such, we now show that Desip is able to directly block IFNγ-dependent Ido induction in both peripheral cells (human and murine PBMCs) and within OHSCs. The later findings suggest that 3) Desip would also act to directly block DO expression in the periphery and brain by attenuating IFNγ activity. Kynurenine Pathway activation (via the DOs) results in production of additional downstream kynurenine metabolites (kynurenines: quinolinic acid: QuinA and kynurenic acid: KynA) that directly alter behavior and immune activity. Thus, Desip is able to modulate DO-dependent behavior and immune responses indirectly by regulating IFNγ expression and directly by blocking IFNγ activity, both in the brain and periphery.

Article Snippet: Murine Gal-9 (1μg/ml, 3535) was from R&D Systems (Minneapolis, MN).

Techniques: Expressing, In Vivo, Blocking Assay, Ex Vivo, Activity Assay, Activation Assay